Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first humanmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 …
Constant velocity means that the object in motion is moving in a straight line at a constant speed. This line can be represented algebraically as ,\( x=x_{0}+v t \) where x0 represents the position of the object at t=0, and …
Botanical nomenclature is the formal, scientific naming of plants. It is related to, but distinct from taxonomy. Plant taxonomy is concerned with grouping and classifying plants; botanical nomenclature then provides names for the results of this process. The starting point …
Many heavier elements with smaller binding energies per nucleon can decompose into more stable elements that have intermediate-mass numbers and larger binding energies per nucleon—that is, mass, numbers, and binding energies per nucleon that are closer to the “peak” of …
Projectile motion is a form of motion where an object moves in a bilaterally symmetrical, parabolic path. The path that the object follows is called its trajectory. Projectile motion only occurs when there is one force applied at the beginning …
Inheritance: The passing of genetic information from parent to child is known as inheritance. The information is in chemical codes carried by deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA ) in the sex cells (eggs and sperms) Heredity is the phenomenon of passing traits …
A nuclear reactor coolant used to carry the heat produced by the fission reaction to an external boiler and turbine, where it transforms into electricity. Two overlapping coolant loops often used; this counteracts the transfer of radioactivity from the reactor to …
The time of flight of a projectile motion is the time from when the object is projected to the time it reaches the surface. As we discussed previously, T depends on the initial velocity magnitude and the angle of the …
The term cellular respiration refers to the biochemical pathway by which cells release energy from the chemical bonds of food molecules and provide that energy for the essential processes of life. All living cells must carry out cellular respiration. It …
Lanthanides (elements 57–71) are fairly abundant in the earth’s crust, despite their historic characterization as rare earth elements. Thulium, the rarest naturally occurring lanthanide, is more common in the earth’s crust than silver. There are 17 rare earth elements, consisting of …