\( T=r * f \) Rotation is a special case of angular motionX. In the case of rotation, torque is defined concerning an axis such that vector “r” is constrained as perpendicular to the axis of rotation, and F is …
The entropy change for the process H2O(s) ⟶ H2O(l) It is 22.1 J/K and requires that the surroundings transfer 6.00 kJ of heat to the system. Is the process spontaneous at −10.00 °C? Is it spontaneous at +10.00 °C? Solution: …
The common understanding is that setting air resistance aside, all objects dropped to Earthfall at the same rate. This is often demonstrated through the thought experiment of cutting a large object in half. The halves clearly can’t then fall more …
DNA has a double-helix structure. The sugar and phosphate lie on the outside of the helix, forming the DNA’s backbone. The nitrogenous bases are stacked in the interior, like a pair of staircase steps. Hydrogen bonds bind the pairs to …
The law of conservation of matter summarizes many scientific observations about the matter: It states that there is no detectable change in the total quantity of matter present when matter converts from one type to another (a chemical change) or …
The thin-lens equation adequately describes image formation by the eye. The eye produces a real image on the retina by adjusting its focal length in a process called accommodation. Nearsightedness, or myopia, is the inability to see far objects and …
A mixture is composed of two or more types of matter that can be present in varying amounts and can be separated by physical changes, such as evaporation. A mixture with a composition that varies from point to point is …
A cell is the smallest unit of a living thing. Whether comprised of one cell (like bacteria) or many cells (like a human), we call it an organism. Thus, cells are the basic building blocks of all organisms. Several cells …
The experimental Rydberg formula gives positions of absorption and emission lines in the spectrum of atomic hydrogen. Classical physics cannot explain the spectrum of atomic hydrogen. The Bohr model of hydrogen was the first model of atomic structure to explain …
Photosynthesis is essential to all life on earth; both plants and animals depend on it. It is the only biological process that can capture the energy that originates from sunlight and converts it into chemical compounds (carbohydrates) that every organism …