Molecular structure of carbohydrates The stoichiometric formula (CH2O)n, where n is the number of carbons in the molecule represents carbohydrates. In other words, the ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen is 1:2:1 in carbohydrate molecules. This formula also explains …
The unbalanced equation below describes the decomposition of molten sodium chloride: NaCl(l) ⟶ Na(l) + Cl2(g) (unbalanced) This reaction satisfies the criterion for redox classification, since the oxidation number for Na is decreased from +1 to 0 (it undergoes reduction) and …
Capillary action, or capillarity, is the ability of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces without the assistance of, and in opposition to external forces like gravity. The effect can be seen in the drawing-up of liquids between the hairs …
Lipids include a diverse group of compounds that are largely nonpolar. This is because they are hydrocarbons that include mostly nonpolar carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen bonds. Non-polar molecules are hydrophobic (“water-fearing”), or insoluble in water. Lipids perform many different functions in …
Fluoride ions help protect our teeth by reacting with hydroxylapatite to form fluorapatite, Ca5(PO4)3F. Since it lacks a hydroxide ion, fluorapatite is more resistant to attacks by acids in our mouths and is thus less soluble, protecting our teeth. Scientists …
Pascal’s Principle (or Pascal’s Law) applies to static fluids and takes advantage of the height dependency of pressure in static fluids. Named after French mathematician Blaise Pascal, who established this important relationship, Pascal’s Principle can be used to exploit the …
The heart has four chambers — two on top and two on bottom: The two bottom chambers are the right ventricle and the left ventricle. These pump blood out of the heart. A wall called the interventricular septum between the …
Solids, liquids, and gases are the three states of matter commonly found on earth. A solid is rigid and possesses a definite shape. A liquid flows and takes the shape of its container, except that it forms a flat or slightly curved upper surface …
The flywheel turns through eight revolutions, which are 16π radians. The work done by the torque, which is constant and therefore can come outside the integral, is \( \mathrm{W}_{\mathrm{AB}}=\tau\left(\theta_{\mathrm{B}}-\theta_{\mathrm{A}}\right) \) We apply the work-energy theorem: \( \mathrm{W}_{\mathrm{AB}}=\tau\left(\theta_{\mathrm{B}}-\theta_{\mathrm{A}}\right)=\frac{1}{2} I w_{B}^{2}-\frac{1}{2} I …
Proteins are one of the most abundant organic molecules in living systems and have the most diverse range of functions of all macromolecules. Proteins may be structural, regulatory, contractile, or protective. They may serve in transport, storage, or membranes, or …