When we use powerful telescopes to look at distant objects, such as stars, galaxies, and quasars in space, we are actually looking back in time. We can only see an object if light from that object reaches us. Some of …
The answer is the circulatory system. In animals, the circulatory system consists of the heart and blood vessels. It primarily circulates oxygen and nutrients throughout the body and also helps in removing metabolic waste such as carbon dioxide from the …
Physical changes, such as phase transitions, are also reversible and may establish equilibrium. As one example, consider the vaporization of bromine: Br2(l) ⇌ Br2(g) When liquid bromine added to an otherwise empty container and then seal the container, the forward …
A sonic boom is the sound associated with the shock waves created by an object traveling through the air faster than the speed of sound. It can be viewed as a Doppler effect on steroids; sonic booms generate an enormous …
We have seen the following two terms before – STEM and STEAM. While STEM is not new, lately it is gaining a lot of attention as educators look for more effective and meaningful ways to connect with and engage students. …
An algal bloom or marine bloom or water bloom is a rapid increase in the population of algae in an aquatic system. Algal blooms may occur in freshwater as well as marine environments. Typically only one or a few phytoplankton …
To raise the yield of ammonia, the industrial process designed to operate under conditions favoring product formation: High pressures (concentrations) of reactants used, ~150−250 atm, to shift the equilibrium right, favoring product formation. Ammonia is continually removed (collected) from the …
In acoustics, the decibel is quantified relative to a reference that has been set at a sound pressure level of 20 micro pascals and is called a 0 dB. The following equation is used to calculate the sound pressure level …
Biology is now often stored in digital systems. For example, a hard drive or online storage service may store many gigabytes of DNA information or taxonomies of species. Some data, such as specimens, may also be stored in chemical solutions …
The preceding ionization reactions suggest that water may function as both a base (as in its reaction with hydrogen fluoride) and an acid (as in its reaction with ammonia). Species capable of either donating or accepting protons are called amphiprotic, or, …