The stem and other plant organs arise from the ground tissue and are primarily made up of simple tissues formed from three types of cells: parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma cells. Parenchyma cells : Parenchyma cells are the most common plant …
Oxidation state indicates the degree of oxidation of an atom in a chemical compound; it is the hypothetical charge that an atom would have if all bonds to atoms of different elements were completely ionic. Oxidation states are typically represented …
A CD player reads digital information stored on a compact disc (CD). A CD is a 6-inch diameter disc made of plastic that contains small “bumps,” and “pits” nears its surface to encode digital or binary data. The bumps and …
Combination reactions “combine” elements to form a chemical compound. As usual, oxidation and reduction occur together. Equation: 2 H2 + O2 → 2 H2O The sum of oxidation states in the reactants is equal to that in the products: 0 …
A quantum particle that is incident on a potential barrier of finite width and height may cross the barrier and appear on its other side. This phenomenon is called ‘quantum tunneling.’ It does not have a classical analog. To find …
Each leaf typically has a leaf blade called the lamina, which is also the widest part of the leaf. Some leaves are attached to the plant stem by a petiole. Leaves that do not have a petiole and are directly …
Boyle’s Law (sometimes referred to as the Boyle-Mariotte Law) states that the absolute pressure and volume of a given mass of confined gas are inversely proportional, provided the temperature remains unchanged within a closed system.
Wave-particle duality exists in nature: Under some experimental conditions, a particle acts as a particle; under other experimental conditions, a particle acts as a wave. Conversely, under some physical circumstances, electromagnetic radiation acts as a wave, and under other physical …
Transpiration is the loss of water from the plant through evaporation at the leaf surface. It is the main driver of water movement in the xylem. Transpiration is caused by the evaporation of water at the leaf–atmosphere interface; it creates …
The pH of a solution indicates its acidity or basicity (alkalinity). The pH scale is an inverse logarithm that ranges from 0 to 14: anything below 7.0 (ranging from 0.0 to 6.9) is acidic, and anything above 7.0 (from 7.1 …