The cellular process of transcription generates messenger RNA (mRNA), a mobile molecular copy of one or more genes with an alphabet of A, C, G, and uracil (U). Translation of the mRNA template on ribosomes converts nucleotide-based genetic information into …
Matter is composed of exceedingly small particles called atoms. An atom is the smallest unit of an element that can participate in a chemical change. An element consists of only one type of atom, which has a mass that is characteristic of the element …
When you rub the plastic rod with the wool cloth, the rod charges negative. When you rub the glass rod with the silk, the rod charges positively. If you place a charged rod on one of the swivel stands and …
Even before an mRNA is translated, a cell must invest energy to build each of its ribosomes. In E. coli, there are between 10,000 and 70,000 ribosomes present in each cell at any given time. A ribosome is a complex …
Ionic compound Uses NaCl, sodium chloride ordinary table salt KI, potassium iodide added to “iodized” salt for thyroid health NaF, sodium fluoride ingredient in toothpaste NaHCO3, sodium bicarbonate baking soda; used in cooking (and …
The answer lies in electronegativity. When a proton attracts an electron, the electron doesn’t magically suck out the charge of the proton. The proton’s charge is still distributed in all directions. The reason why 1 proton on average can attract …
In general, the word “cloning” means the creation of a perfect replica; however, in biology, the re-creation of a whole organism is referred to as “reproductive cloning.” Long before attempts were made to clone an entire organism, researchers learned how …
Thermal energy is the kinetic energy associated with the random motion of atoms and molecules. Temperature is a quantitative measure of “hot” or “cold.” When the atoms and molecules in an object are moving or vibrating quickly, they have a …
Modern society has numerous applications of Faraday’s law of induction, as we will explore in this chapter and others. At this juncture, let us mention several that involve recording information using magnetic fields. Some computer hard drives apply the principle …
(1) The small ozone layer on top of the stratosphere is crucial for human survival. Why? (2) If the earth did not have an atmosphere, would its average surface temperature be higher or lower than what it is now? (3) …